Effects Of Parent Smoking Habits On Thier Childs Smoking Habits Essays

Effects Of Parent Smoking Habits On Thier Childs Smoking Habits Effects of Parent Smoking Habits on their Child's smoking habits Abstract Parents have an influence on whether or not their children will develop smoking habits. The findings of this study show this to be true. Further research should be conducted to find out whether or not how many children the parents have also has an impact on smoking behaviors. The participants of this study were random individuals at a local convenience store ranging in age from 18 to 47. The total number of participants was 24. Of these twenty-four individuals thirteen were male and eleven were female. Only sixteen of the participants smoked, eight being male and eight being female. The eight non-smokers questioned all reported having parents who were non-smokers. In the start of this research survey, I wanted to question high-school students at a local area high school. When I went to conduct the research at the high school I was informed that there is red tape involved when dealing with minors. In order to question minors at this local high school the children would have had to have signed permission slips from there parents, after they had the chance to read over the survey that would have been filled out by their children. Having limited time to complete this research project I decided that it would be in my best interests if I conducted the research elsewhere. I also believe that having parents look at the survey might have compromised the answers that would have been given by the children. Suffice to say the convenience store was my second option in conducting this research. Although my second option did reveal relevant findings, I believe that better answers to the adolescent smoking phenomenon would have better been found in dealing directly with teenagers. Although more research is needed it seems as if the smoking behaviors of parents has a direct impact on the smoking behaviors of children. Introduction Smoking rates among youths in our country has steadily increased for years. The health consequences of smoking have been known for years, yet people still start the hard to break habit. My question is, Why? Previous studies have been conducted to answer this question. Variables in these studies have included peer pressure, advertising, and family smoking. It is the latter of the three that this research study plans to analyze. It is said that we are a product of our environment, so this study hopes to prove that when a parent or guardian smokes it increases the chances of their child or children of smoking. This question has been asked before, and it has been found by Karen H. Smith and Mary Ann Stutts that , at least for girls, having at least one parent who smokes is a good predictor of whether or not that child will end up smoking. (Smith,1999). Having a father who smokes increases boys chances of smoking by 1.5 times and for girls by 3.3 times. (Research Quarterly, 2000). Literature Review Many studies have been done on the habits of adolescent smoking. Previously examined in separate studies were peer pressure, family smoking, advertising and antismoking information. Bandura's smoking environment variables such as parental, sibling, and peer smoking habits were more important for predicting smoking behavior in adolescents. In prior research the number one predictor of smoking in adolescence is having at least one sibling who smokes. In college-aged students the number one predictors having at least one parent who smokes. These studies proved that the immediate family has a great influence on smoking habits. There are also other factors involved in the decision of an adolescent to begin smoking. Peer pressure is another concern. ?Teens who associated with friends who smoke and drink were more likely to do so.?(Parents and peers influence smoking, drinking, 2001) Two types of peer pressure occur in these studies: direct pressure and normative pressure. Direct pressure is when a friend or a peer asks or dares and adolescent to smoke. Normative pressure is indirect pressure such as socializing with peers who smoke. (Smith, 1999). This type of pressure causes the adolescent to lessen the negative aspects of smoking because they see someone they admire or look up to, smoking. College students are not as influenced by peer pressure as are junior high and high school aged students. These children are at an age where peer pressure is the greatest because it is truly when they begin to socialize without parental guardianship. (Smith,1999). One study that was

Free Essays on The First Crusade And The Idea Of Crusading

The First Crusade, a Holy Expedition Peace and tranquility in the eastern Mediterranean seemed secure for years to come in or around the eleventh century, but little did anyone know what loomed on the horizon. Jonathan Riley-Smith, a professor and specialist in ecclesiastical history at the University of Cambridge depicts in detail the holy war fought on Christ’s behalf in an attempt to liberate the people and the baptized members of the churches under Muslim rule, as well as the liberation of a place, that place being Jerusalem. The word crusade, which is derived from the Latin word crux, or cross, is in reference to the crusaders who were motivated by God, and in turn accepted the vow proposed by Urban II by bearing the cross on their skin or sewn onto their clothing in show of faith to the man they all believed in, Christ. At a gathering in Clermont, France in November of 1095, Pope Urban II preached the Crusade, known throughout France as the via Dei or way of God, to a mostly clerical assembly. It is made apparent to the reader that this concept of divine war for Christ introduced by Urban II, was not the first time a proposition like this had arisen. In fact, Pope Gregory VII sought to control this very same movement in 1074 by calling for the milities Christi, or knights of Christ to go to the aide of the Byzantine Empire. According to Riley-Smith, there was no apparent difference between the movement proposed by Pope Gregory VII and Urban II; accept the fact that it was now popular, twenty years later. The council in Clermont inspired the churchmen that were present, but in using a false sense of imagery, Pope Urban II essentially put these men in danger by presenting a very intricate set of ideas, in fundamentally simple terms. Nonetheless, it is said that the first bands of crusaders, mostly unskilled peasants and women left in the spring of 1096, before the order of Urban II, which was said to be on the Feast... Free Essays on The First Crusade And The Idea Of Crusading Free Essays on The First Crusade And The Idea Of Crusading The First Crusade, a Holy Expedition Peace and tranquility in the eastern Mediterranean seemed secure for years to come in or around the eleventh century, but little did anyone know what loomed on the horizon. Jonathan Riley-Smith, a professor and specialist in ecclesiastical history at the University of Cambridge depicts in detail the holy war fought on Christ’s behalf in an attempt to liberate the people and the baptized members of the churches under Muslim rule, as well as the liberation of a place, that place being Jerusalem. The word crusade, which is derived from the Latin word crux, or cross, is in reference to the crusaders who were motivated by God, and in turn accepted the vow proposed by Urban II by bearing the cross on their skin or sewn onto their clothing in show of faith to the man they all believed in, Christ. At a gathering in Clermont, France in November of 1095, Pope Urban II preached the Crusade, known throughout France as the via Dei or way of God, to a mostly clerical assembly. It is made apparent to the reader that this concept of divine war for Christ introduced by Urban II, was not the first time a proposition like this had arisen. In fact, Pope Gregory VII sought to control this very same movement in 1074 by calling for the milities Christi, or knights of Christ to go to the aide of the Byzantine Empire. According to Riley-Smith, there was no apparent difference between the movement proposed by Pope Gregory VII and Urban II; accept the fact that it was now popular, twenty years later. The council in Clermont inspired the churchmen that were present, but in using a false sense of imagery, Pope Urban II essentially put these men in danger by presenting a very intricate set of ideas, in fundamentally simple terms. Nonetheless, it is said that the first bands of crusaders, mostly unskilled peasants and women left in the spring of 1096, before the order of Urban II, which was said to be on the Feast...

The American writer Ursula LeGuin's The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas Essay

The American writer Ursula LeGuin's The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas - Essay Example In the text’s description of city Omela it’s clear that there is an almost satirically good description of the on-goings. For instance, Le Guin writes, â€Å"The horses wore no gear at all but a halter without bit. Their manes were braided with streamers of silver, gold and green† (Le Guin). Here one sees that even the animals residing in the city were of a glorious nature. In terms of the social order, it’s noted that in large part there is no overriding government structure in this society. Le Guin states, â€Å"I do not know the rules and laws of their society, but I suspect that they were singularly few. As they did without monarchy and slavery, so they also got on without the stock exchange†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Le Guin). It seems in advancing this notion of government Le Guin is indicating that the society is so well functioning and efficient that it does not need any government structure to regulate anti-social behavior. The story also greatly considers t he nature of the individual. In large regards it seems to flesh out the notions of the individual as a means of establishing their conscious awareness of the society, as well as their happiness. Consider Le Guin when she writes, â€Å"How can I tell you about the people of Omelas? They were not naive and happy children--though their children were, in fact, happy† (Le Guin). ... The child is described as either feeble minded, or made so through malnutrition and fear. The child is even horrifically described as screaming that it will be good if it is let out. The child is perhaps the most indicative element of the city of Omela as it indicates that even as the individuals in the society enjoy considerable happiness and social cohesion there is still an aspect of their existence that is sinister. The story also indicates that occasionally an individual will leave Omela after learning the reality of the child’s situation. While it seems in part that Le Guin is making a statement about the nature of scapegoats in society, what one makes of the child in the basement is more a reflection on the individual reader than the story itself. In conclusion, this essay has considered the nature of society and the individual in Ursula Le Guin’s ‘The One’s Who Walk Away From Omelas’. In terms of society it’s demonstrated that the text presents a utopian world that is loosely described, allowing the reader to implement their imagination. The individuals are presented as conscious and intelligent. Ultimately, at the center of the story is a moral choice that is meant to reveal aspects of human character and nature of

Business Communication and ICT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Communication and ICT - Essay Example More so, non-verbal communication enhances ideas and concepts of verbal communication through the application of gestures, body language, tone of voice, and facial expression among other aspects such as symbols, pictures, and icons. However, non-verbal communication relies on personal presentation, audience awareness, and body language. Types of Non-Verbal Communication Non-verbal communications include the haptics, artifacts, and kinesics, which have been used to enhance verbal communications from an individual level to business dealings (Wood, 2010). Haptics is the physical communication that is meant to communicate particular information at a personal level with specific aspects of the body. Physical communication includes the use of aspects such as facial expression, body movements, and gestures that often accompany verbal communication. Haptics is often evident in the social scene where more intimate and close relationships and communications are established. The distance betwee n individuals conversing determines the level of haptics communications alongside cultural aspects regarding interpersonal norms (Wood, 2010, p.131).   Body posture in this case is the speaker’s body position, which may correspond with communication expectations and intention in a particular context. Physical communication often conveys symbolic messages with regards to the orator’s intentions and attitude concerning the message being communicated (Wood, 2010). Facial expressions on the other hand are dynamic features and sources of emotional communication that often communicate the speaker’s intentions, attitudes, and emotions. In addition, facial expression includes eye movement as a key aspect of facial behavior and displays with regards to eye contact frequency, stare, and glances. Glance, eye contact frequency, and stare may convey a wide range of information, emotions, and intentions of the speaker himself. This is in consideration of the fact that facia l expressions vary continuously during oral communication, and they are therefore monitored and interpreted constantly by the message recipient (Wood, 2010). Artifacts are non-verbal forms of communication based on environmental, cultural, and social artifacts for message conveyance and understanding. The environment generally refers to the physical place where communication takes place while artifacts are environmental objects that provide some form of communication stimulus. The environment of communication and environmental stimulus are basically the concepts of nonverbal communication that affect the changes regarding how people communicate non-verbally. Appropriate non-verbal communication is dependent of the artifacts and the environment in which communication takes place, with regards to giving clues of non-verbal behavior. Environmental factors include aspects such as climate, which influences the non-verbal behavior of individuals and even native residents of a particular c limate (Wood, 2011) Kinesics non-verbal communication on the other hand is the general body language interpretation and message conveyance. Kinesics non-verbal communication relates to movements of particular parts of the body or the body as a whole with respect to the gestures that individuals choose to put in place when conveying particular information. The manner in which the body is held generally constitutes posture and body gestures,

Performance Measurement System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Performance Measurement System - Assignment Example Based on these explanations, it would be appreciated that using relevant data instead of convenient data for any performance-measurement system ensures that the outcome of the system will be one that directly reflects exactly what needs to be measured. For example when measuring competence of employees, their graduate scores may be convenient as these may be readily available. However, given the time elapse from time of graduation to the current state however, it would be relevant to use newly collected data about employees that reflect their current state of competence and performance. One of the major reasons most HR managers have preferred the use of convenient data over relevant data is that they find it more costly in terms of resources and time used to gather relevant data. Few (2007) however warned that there are several negative impacts that come with the use of wrong data in any organizational set up. The first challenge is that it is not possible to get the right frame of employee performance based on their current state of work. Using the same example given earlier, it could be that someone who came to the organization with first class has now relented in productivity but another who came with third class has picked up a lot of experience and thus improved in work output. When such old data which are considered convenient but wrong are used, it will be very difficult to get the true present state of performance. What is worse, there are long term direct impact of using wrong data on the organization. For example such wrong data can lead to wrong placemen t of employees, which can also lead to poor delivery of work because employees may not be conversant with placements given to them (Becker, Huselid & Ulrich, 2001). This situation could also be the cause of lower productivity, which will affect profitability and growth negatively. For any typical

Tuckmans Stages Of Team Development Model Education Essay

Tuckmans Stages Of Team Development Model Education Essay Tuckmans Stages of Team Development model explains how a team develops over time. The five stages of development are: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning. According to Tuckman he says that all of the phases are necessary and inevitable. In order for the team to grow they most face up to challenges, problems, find solutions to problems, planning as a team, and to deliver results. Forming In this first stage of team building, the forming of the team takes place. The individuals behaviour is driven by a desire to be accepted by the others, and avoid controversy or conflict. Serious issues and feelings are avoided, and people focus on being busy with routines, such as team organization, which does what, when to meet, etc. But individuals are also gathering information and impressions about each other, and about the scope of the task and how to approach it. This is a comfortable stage to be in, but the avoidance of conflict and threat means that not much actually gets done. Storming Every group will then enter the storming stage in which different ideas compete for consideration. The team addresses issues such as what problems they are really supposed to solve, how they will function independently and together and what leadership model they will accept. Team members open up to each other and confront each others ideas and perspectives. Norming At the team enter into the Norming stage. Team members behaviour is adjuster to each other. Also the team develop work habits which make the work seem more natural and fluid the team members often work through this stage by agreeing on rules, professional behaviour, there shared methods and working tools. During this phase, team members start trust one other and motivation increases as the team gets more acquainted with their project and goals. Performing As for the teams who will reach the performing stage, the team members are now become interdependent, motivated and knowledgeable. The team members are now competent and able to handle and make decision without being supervision. Dissent is expected and allowed as long as it is channelled through means acceptable to the team. Adjourning was the later stage that Tuckman talk about and this stage is basically on involves dissolution that is terminating roles, completing each teams task and reducing dependency. TRAINING Training can be defined as an educational process. Where people can learn different new ideas and gain information. In most organisation go into training their works making them get and lean more thing. They are different type of training and it important. Why training is important in an organisation Most of the reasons why organisation goes into training are new employees have to learn and gain new skills, and also their motivation is likely to be high. On the other hand, training experienced employees can be problematic. The training needs of such employees are not always easy to determine, and when they can be, the individuals involved may resent being asked to change their established ways of doing their job. Organizations also use more ways to determine the training needs of employees. The performance appraisal: on this one each employees work are measured accorder to their performance standards and objectives established for his or her job. There are different types of training in which organization in training their employees. TYPES OF TRAINING METHOD LECTURE METHOD The lecture is best used for creating a general understanding of a topic. Several variations in the lecture format allow it to be more or less formal and/or interactive. In the pure lecture, communication is one way-from trainer to trainees. It is an extensive oral presentation of material. A good lecture begins with an introduction that lays out the purpose, the order in which topics will be covered, and ground rules about interruptions (e.g., questions and clarification). This is followed by the main body of the lecture in which information is given. The topic areas should be logically sequenced so that the content of preceding topics prepares trainees for the following topics. The lecture should conclude with a summary of the main learning points and/or conclusions. Advantages The lecture training is one of the most efficient teaching methods for presenting many facts or ideas in a relatively short time. Material that has been logically organized can be presented Concisely in rapid sequence. The lecture is particularly suitable for introducing a subject. To ensure that all Students have the necessary background to learn a subject; we can present basic information in a lecture. By using the lecture in this manner, we can offer students with varied backgrounds a common understand. A brief introductory lecture can give direction and purpose to a demonstration or prepare students for a discussion. The lecture is a convenient method for instructing large groups. If necessary, we can use a public address system to ensure that all students can hear us. The lecture is sometimes the only efficient method to use if student-to-faculty ratio is high. Disadvantages . The lecture does not lead to maximum achievement in certain types of learning. Speech skills, cooperative group thinking, and motor skills, for example, are difficult to teach with the lecture method. Students can develop such skills well only through practice. Moreover, the formal lecture alone is generally not appropriate for presenting material above the comprehension level of the cognitive domain. Because it allows for little or no student verbal participation, the formal lecture may also be inefficient for comprehension-level lessons in which concepts and principles are developed. The lecture does not provide teachers with an opportunity to estimate student progress before an examination. Within a single lecture period, we may unwittingly present more information than our students can absorb, and we have little accurate means during the lecture of determining what they have learned. Too often, the lecture makes no provision for participation by the students. As a result, many students willingly allow the instructor to do all the work. Learning is an active process, but the lecture method tends to foster passiveness and dependence on the instructor. APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING Apprenticeship training dates back to the Middle Ages, when skilled craftsmen passed on their knowledge to others as a way of preserving the guilds. Today, apprenticeship programs are partnerships between labour unions, employers, schools, and the government. They are most often found in the skilled trades and professional unions such as boiler engineers, electrical workers, pipe fitters, and carpenters. The typical apprenticeship program requires two years of on-the-job experience and about 180 hours of classroom instruction, though requirements vary. An apprentice must be able to demonstrate mastery of all required skills and knowledge before being allowed to graduate to journeyman status. This is documented through testing and certification processes. Journeymen provide the on-the-job training, while adult education centres and community colleges typically provide the classroom training. Formal apprenticeship programs are regulated by governmental agencies that also set standards and provide services. COACHING Coaching is a process of providing one-on-one guidance and instruction to improve the work performance of the person being coached in a specific area. It differs from other OJT methods in that the trainee already has been working at the job for some time. Usually, coaching is directed at employees with performance deficiencies, but it can also serve as a motivational tool for those performing adequately. Typically the supervisor acts as the coach. Like the OJT trainer, the coach must be skilled both in how to perform the task(s) and how to train others to do them. The amount of time supervisors devote to coaching activities steadily increased during the 1990s and will likely represent more than 50 percent of supervisors time by the new millennium. E-LEARNING Many companies have implemented e-learning, which encompasses several different types of technology assisted training, such as distance learning, computer-based training (CBT), or web-based training (WBT). Distance learning occurs when trainers and trainees are in remote locations; typically, technology is used to broadcast a trainers lecture to many trainees in many separate locations. Distance learning provides many of the same advantages and disadvantages as the lecture method. Distance learning can be much less expensive than paying for trainees in multiple locations to travel for a lecture, but it may reduce motivation to learn because of the remoteness of the trainer. Advantages Convenience is one of the major advantages of e-learning. It allows students to work and learn at their own pace without the unyielding time restrictions of traditional learning. Because e-learning provides access to learning materials at any time, students have the flexibility to schedule around families, jobs and other activities. Another major benefit of e-learning is the accessibility it provides. Students can learn from anywhere in the world. This is an especially important consideration for students who wish to study in a different country. In addition, because e-learning can be done from home, students have less clothing and driving expenses than with traditional learning. Disadvantages A major disadvantage to e-learning is the self-discipline it requires. While being able to work at your own pace can be an advantage, it can also be a disadvantage. This is especially true for students who have difficulty with time management and procrastination. These students tend to be more successful with the structure of traditional learning. Another disadvantage to e-learning is the technology involved. Some people do not have ready access to a computer and Internet connection. And some who do have the required equipment feel ill-equipped to use it. Lack of interaction between teacher and student is another drawback to e-learning. Some students need the immediate feedback that interaction provides. ON-THE-JOB TRAINING The most common method of training, on-the-job training (OJT) uses more experienced and skilled employees to train less skilled and experienced employees. OJT takes many forms and can be supplemented with classroom training. Included within OJT are the job-instruction technique, apprenticeships, coaching, and mentoring. Formal OJT programs are typically conducted by employees who can effectively use one-on-one instructional techniques and who have superior technical knowledge and skills. Since conducting one-on-one training is not a skill most people develop on their own, train-the-trainer training is required for OJT trainers. In addition to training the trainers, formal OJT programs should carefully develop a sequence of learning events for trainees. The formalized instructional process that is most commonly used is called the job-instruction technique . Advantages It is cost effective for the employer because the person continues to work whilst learning. Training time is reduced when compared to traditional off site learning. It has been tested for techniques ranging from milking cows by hand to brain surgery. Structured programs for training multiple trainers, and for in house training of new trainers exist and are available from numerous providers. These programs reduce the training times of unstructured OJT by more than 50% and reduce the perpetuation of less safe and more costly production techniques. Disadvantages Inconsistent Traditional OJT relies heavily on an experienced employee to provide the instructions based on what they feel are the most important topics. What is important to one employee may not be important to another. The result is what is learned may vary greatly, depending on who is assigned as the trainer. Lack of founding principles :While the hands-on aspect of OJT may appeal to the practical learner, often the underlying theories of operation are not covered in sufficient detail or accuracy. Without this foundation of knowledge, trainees often learn what to do, not why they are doing it, resulting in poor decision making when things dont go exactly right. Bad habits : The trainee observes and may adopt the trainers habits and attitudes about all aspects of the job including safety, quality, customer service, and relationship with management. Poorly selected trainers can have many unintended consequences.

The Ugliness of War in Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est Essays

The Ugliness of War in Wilfred Owen's Dulce et Decorum est Wilfred Owen's "Dulce et Decorum est" is seen as a strong expression of the ugliness of war, and "an attack on the idea of war being glorious" (Kerr 48). It transmits an irritating clip, with full animation and in vivid colors, of embittered and battered soldiers marching to their death. It also, cogently presents a nightmarish vision of hell uploading all its demons into the root directory of an impoverished soldier who saw one of his comrades gassed to death. The images that Owen confected with the skill of a professional craftsman remain grafted in the reader's memory long after the poem is read, echoing its sober message times and times again. The soldier's voice bitterly imploring that patriarchy stop disseminating lies about the glory and sweetness of death in defense of ones country haunts the text. The poem presents this extremely tense experience articulately in 28 lines of well-confected verse. It is this confected eloquence and the well structured articulation of this highly disturbing experience that really betrays the poem's lack of immediacy and artificiality, and makes the poet an accomplice with those he attacks as disseminators of lies. Scrutinizing Owen's poem under the magnifying lens of Longinus' treatise On the Sublime, and Harold Pinter's view on discourse reveals that the poem perches on a detrimental fault line that destabilizes its mainstream readings. While Owen challenges patriarchy and insinuates at its responsibilities for the horror of the war, he himself maintains, to a great extent, a conventional approach to writing poetry that does not subvert the traditional patriarchal forms of versification. The diction of the poem is delibe... ...arizes them to him to the extent that they cease to become that terrible after several repeated readings. In fact, in Owen's poem the war is exhausted by its discourse the way, to borrow Jean Baudrillard's expression, "the eyes are exhausted in the gaze and the face is exhausted in the makeup." (76) Works Cited Baudrillard, Jean. Seduction. Trans. Brian Singer. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990. Dorsch, T. S. Classical Literary Criticism. London: Penguin books, 1965. Kerr, Douglas. Wilfred Owen's Voices: Language and Community. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993. Owen, Wilfred. Wilfred Owen: Collected Letters. Ed. Harold Owen and John Bell. London: Oxford UP, 1967. -----. Wilfred Owen: The Complete Poems and Fragments. Ed. John Stallworthy. 2 vols. New York: Norton, 1984. Hollis, J. R. Harold Pinter: The Poetics of Silence. New York: Macmillan, 1970.